World is a common name for the whole of human civilization, specifically human experience, history, or the human condition in general, ''worldwide'', i.e. anywhere on Earth.

In a philosophical context it may refer to: (1) the whole of the physical Universe, or (2) an ontological world (''see world disclosure''). In a theological context, ''world'' usually refers to the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred. The "end of the world" refers to scenarios of the final end of human history, often in religious contexts.

World history is commonly understood as spanning the major geopolitical developments of about five millennia, from the first civilizations to the present.

World population is the sum of all human populations at any time; similarly, world economy is the sum of the economies of all societies (all countries), especially in the context of globalization. Terms like world championship, gross world product, world flags etc. also imply the sum or combination of all current-day sovereign states.

In terms such as world religion, world language, and world war, ''world'' suggests international or intercontinental scope without necessarily implying participation of the entire world.

In terms such as world map and world climate, ''world'' is used in the sense detached from human culture or civilization, referring to the planet Earth physically.

Etymology and Usage

The corresponding word in Latin ''mundus'', literally "clean, elegant", itself a loan translation of Greek ''cosmos'' "orderly arrangement." While the Germanic word thus reflects a mythological notion of a "domain of Man" (compare Midgard), presumably as opposed to the divine sphere on the one hand and the chthonic sphere of the underworld on the other, the Greco-Latin term expresses a notion of creation as an act of establishing order out of chaos.

'World' distinguishes the entire planet or population from any particular country or region: ''world affairs'' pertain not just to one place but to the whole world, and ''world history'' is a field of history that examines events from a global (rather than a national or a regional) perspective. ''Earth'', on the other hand, refers to the planet as a physical entity, and distinguishes it from other planets and physical objects.

'''World''' can also be used attributively, to mean 'global', 'relating to the whole world', forming usages such as world community or world canonical texts.

By extension, a '''world''' may refer to any planet or heavenly body, especially when it is thought of as inhabited, especially in the context of science fiction or futurology.

'''World''', in original sense, when qualified, can also refer to a particular domain of human experience.

Philosophy

In philosophy, the term world has several possible meanings. In some contexts, it refers to everything that makes up reality or the physical universe. In others, it can mean have a specific ontological sense (see world disclosure). While clarifying the concept of world has arguably always been among the basic tasks of Western philosophy, this theme appears to have been raised explicitly only at the start of the twentieth century and has been the subject of continuous debate. The question of what the world is has by no means been settled.

;Parmenides The traditional interpretation of Parmenides' work is that he argued that the every-day perception of reality of the physical world (as described in doxa) is mistaken, and that the reality of the world is 'One Being' (as described in aletheia): an unchanging, ungenerated, indestructible whole.

;Plato In his Allegory of the Cave, Plato distingues between forms and ideas and imagines two distinct worlds : the sensible world and the intelligible world.

;Hegel In Hegel's philosophy of history, the expression ''Weltgeschichte ist Weltgericht'' (World History is a tribunal that judges the World) is used to assert the view that History is what judges men, their actions and their opinions. Science is born from the desire to transform the World in relation to Man ; its final end is technical application.

;Schopenhauer ''The World as Will and Representation'' is the central work of Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer saw the human will as our one window to the world behind the representation; the Kantian thing-in-itself. He believed, therefore, that we could gain knowledge about the thing-in-itself, something Kant said was impossible, since the rest of the relationship between representation and thing-in-itself could be understood by analogy to the relationship between human will and human body.

;Wittgenstein Two definitions that were both put forward in the 1920s, however, suggest the range of available opinion. "The world is everything that is the case," wrote Ludwig Wittgenstein in his influential ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'', first published in 1922. This definition would serve as the basis of logical positivism, with its assumption that there is exactly one world, consisting of the totality of facts, regardless of the interpretations that individual people may make of them.

;Heidegger Martin Heidegger, meanwhile, argued that "the surrounding world is different for each of us, and notwithstanding that we move about in a common world". The world, for Heidegger, was that into which we are always already "thrown" and with which we, as beings-in-the-world, must come to terms. His conception of "world disclosure" was most notably elaborated in his 1927 work ''Being and Time''.

;Freud In response, Freud proposed that we do not move about in a common world, but a common thought process. He believed that all the actions of a person is motivated by one thing: lust. This led to numerous theories about reactionary consciousness.

;Other Some philosophers, often inspired by David Lewis, argue that metaphysical concepts such as possibility, probability and necessity are best analyzed by comparing ''the'' world to a range of possible worlds; a view commonly known as modal realism.

Religion and mythology

Mythological cosmologies often depict the world as centered around an axis mundi and delimited by a boundary such as a world ocean, a world serpent or similar.

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Category:Earth

She grew up in Jerusalem. Jebreal's father worked as an Imam in the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the most important figure for Muslims. Her mother died when she was 5. She and her sister Rania were put into the Dar El-Tifel orphanage by their father in 1978 until 1991. She was educated in the orphanage, and then received a scholarship from the Italian government to study medicine at the University of Bologna, where she graduated with a degree in physiotherapy. She worked as a physiotherapist while she went back to the University of Bologna and earned her masters in Journalism and Political Science.

Jebreal became the first foreign anchorwoman in the history of Italian television, winning a Media Watch award for her coverage of the Iraq War, and by age 33 earned the highest journalism award, the International Ischia Award for Best Journalist of the Year. Jebreal worked as a journalist in Italy for twelve years, earning a reputation for being one of the toughest interviewers for her interviews with such figures as Prime Minister Massimo Dalema, Silvio Berlusconi, Bill Gates, President Abu Mazen, Bernard Kushner, Al Bardei, and Ingrid Bettancourt. In 2006 she became the co-presenter of Anno Zero, the most important and controversial political television show in Italy, together with Michele Santoro. In 2008 Jebreal created her own television show in Cairo at Al-Qahira Wal-Nas, (Cairo Centric) television station, where she filmed 30 episodes covering politics, economy, and the collapse of society in Egypt under the Mubarrak regime.

Jebreal's first novel ''Miral'', written in 2003, was translated into 15 languages, selling millions of copies worldwide, and was eventually made into a film that was directed by Julian Schnabel, from Jebreal's screenplay. The movie premiered at the Venice Film Festival on September 2, 2010 to a 15 minute standing ovation, and won the Unicef Protection of Children award. 'Miral' held its U.S. premiere at the United Nations General Assembly Hall on March 14, 2011. "Miral" was the first film ever to have a premiere at the General Assembly Hall.

Jebreal's 2nd novel 'The Bride of Aswan' was published in 2007, and was translated into five languages, winning the International Fince Europa Award. Her third book, 'Rejected,' is a non-fiction study about the history of immigration in Europe. It was published in Italy and France, and is used in universities in Italy.

As a filmmaker, Jebreal wrote and produced a documentary titled 'Permesso di Sogiorno' about the death penalty in China, the United States and Iran during the United Nations debate over the death penalty moratorium in 2008. The critically acclaimed documentary aired on Italian television in 2008.

She has a teenaged daughter, named Miral Madrid.

She is fluent in five languages: Italian, English, Arabic, Hebrew, and German.

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Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Palestinian television personalities Category:Arab television personalities Category:People from Jerusalem Category:Palestinian novelists

Issandr El Amrani is a Moroccan-American political analyst, journalist and commentator, writing about Egypt and the Middle East for British, American and Middle Eastern publications.

El Amrani was born in Rabat, Morocco, and has lived in Cairo since 2000. He was an editor of the now defunct ''Cairo Times'' and co-founder of ''Cairo'' magazine. From 2007 to 2009 he was the North Africa analyst for the International Crisis Group. He was the Cairo correspondent for ''Middle East International'' (MEI), and writes for ''The Economist'', the ''Financial Times'', the ''London Review of Books'', ''Foreign Policy'', ''The National'', ''Bidoun'' and other publications. He writes a weekly column for ''Al-Masry Al-Youm'', an independent Egyptian newspaper. He also regularly appears as a commentator on Middle Eastern affairs on television, notably on ''Al-Jazeera English'', and conducts private consulting on the politics of the Middle East.

El Amrani currently lives in Cairo and Rabat.

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''This is a list of notable political scientists. See the list of political theorists for those who study political theory.

See also Political Science.''

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Hossam el-Hamalawy (, ; AKA 3arabawy , ; born 14 July 1977) is an Egyptian journalist, blogger, photographer and socialist activist. He is a member of the Revolutionary Socialists, the Center for Socialist Studies and the Workers Democratic Party. He is a graduate of the American University in Cairo where he was detained and tortured by the State Security Investigations Service (SSI) in 2000, allegedly with the institution's complicity.

After the Egyptian revolution of 2011, el-Hamalawy was among many protesters who stormed and seized offices of the SSI in the Nasr City and was able to visit the cell where he had been imprisoned, later writing on his Twitter feed that he could not stop crying. "Entered the small compound where I was locked. Man, I can't believe it still... Many are literally crying. We can't find the interrogation rooms. This is a citadel."

Since storming the SSI offices, el-Hamalawy has become the main force behind a "naming and shaming" website "(''Piggipedia'')" targeting former SSI personnel who were involved in the alleged torture of dissidents. Their names are linked to allegations and photos.

El-Hamalawy has criticized the newly appointed Justice Minister Mohamed Abdel Aziz el-Gendy, for his ties to the former President Hosni Mubarak, in relation to the freezing of assets of the ousted dictator. El-Hamalawy claims that the overthrow of Mubarak had been stirring as early as 2002, when pro-Palestinian riots around Cairo University fought Central Security Forces chanting: "Hosni Mubarak is just like Sharon."

Hossam and television host Reem Maged were given a summons on Monday the 30th of May, 2011 to appear before military prosecution after Maged brought Hamalawy on her show where he criticized the role of military police, holding the head of the military police responsible for torturing activists.

El-Hamalawy holds the view that Egyptian communism is trapped in a "Stalinist" legacy, an inverse of Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution.

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Category:Living people Category:1977 births Category:Anti-Zionism Category:Egyptian bloggers Category:Egyptian communists Category:Egyptian democracy activists Category:Egyptian dissidents Category:Egyptian human rights activists Category:Egyptian journalists Category:Egyptian prisoners and detainees Category:Egyptian revolutionaries Category:International Socialist Tendency Category:Marxist journalists Category:People of the 2011 Egyptian revolution Category:Prisoners and detainees of Egypt Category:Egyptian torture victims Category:Trade unionists Category:Trotskyists